Apoptosis Markers: Annexin V/PI, cleaved Casp-3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and more

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process responsible for eliminating redundant, damaged, or harmful cells. Three major pathways mediate apoptosis: the intrinsic, extrinsic, and perforin/granzyme pathways. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by cellular stress and governed by the Bcl-2 family. The extrinsic pathway is activated through ligand binding to death receptors on the cell surface. The perforin/granzyme pathway is initiated by cytotoxic lymphocytes (such as CTLs and NK cells) to induce apoptosis in target cells. All three pathways converge on the activation of caspase cascade, leading to degradation of cellular proteins and programmed cell death.

arigo offers quality antibodies and reagents to facilitate apoptosis research.

Apoptosis markers include the surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (detectable with Annexin V) , caspase activation, DNA fragmentation (detectable with PI), and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. arigo offers reliable solutions to support apoptosis detection by WB, Staining, and FACS.
 

Caspase 3 (cleaved)
antibody (ARG66888)
Mouse mAb

Caspase 3 (cleaved)
antibody (ARG66671)
Rabbit pAb

Caspase cascade is a key process in apoptosis. Cellular stress or death signals activate initiator caspases (e.g. caspase-8 and -9), which in turn activate and trigger effector caspases (e.g. caspase-3, -6, and -7). These effector caspases mediate the breakdown of cellular proteins, leading to controlled cell death.

arigo offers Apoptosis Antibody Panel (ARG30356) which includes Caspase-3 and PARP antibodies for reliable detection of apoptosis, along with Caspase-9 and Caspase-8 antibodies to distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, respectively. It is the best solution for comparative studies of apoptosis signaling events under experimental conditions. Moreover, comprehensive caspase antibodies and assay kits are available to accelerate the study of apoptosis mechanisms.
 

Bcl-2 family, consisting of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members, acts as a gatekeeper to intrinsic apoptosis. They control apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), influencing numerous cellular processes. arigo offers quality antibodies against Bcl-2 family members to support research.

Bax/Bcl-2 ratio reflects the balance between anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bax, determining the susceptibility to apoptosis. A high Bax/Bcl-2 ratio promotes cell death, while a low Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increases resistance to apoptosis. This ratio is a key biomarker to predict treatment response and prognosis in various diseases, including cancer.

Perforin/granzyme pathway is a key mechanism used by cytotoxic lymphocytes to induce apoptosis in virus-infected or tumor cells. Perforin forms pores in the target cell membrane, allowing the entry of granzymes which activate caspase and apoptosis. In addition, granzymes also induce pyrostosis in certain chemotherapy-treated cancer cells. Perforin and granzyme levels are widely used as a biomarker to assess cytotoxic lymphocyte activity and evaluate emerging immunotherapeutic efficacy. arigo offers quality ELISA kits to facilitate the detection of cytotoxicity.
 

In addition to apoptosis, various forms of programmed cell death have been identified, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, etc. arigo offers a comprehensive portfolio of research tools to support cutting-edge discoveries in programmed cell death.

Cuproptosis

Disulfidptosis

Poster of Cell Death